Analysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell - 1362 Words

Kathie Tejada Professor Antonio Tomà ¡s Guerrero Dà ­az COLI 214B 1984 This novel, 1984, is a dystopia and takes place in Oceania where people live in a totalitarian society. The author, George Orwell, wrote this as if he was looking into the future and what it was going to turn in to. This group of people, called The Party, have control over everything and everyone, and they have a leader, known as Big Brother, who is everywhere throughout the novel and the people look up to him. They invented a language termed â€Å"New Speak† so people can be prevented from even thinking about rebellion, which is known as a â€Å"thoughtcrime†. People are manipulated and do not even realize it because they think there is nothing wrong with it, but there are a few people who play their part and act like they do not know what is going on. The main character of this novel is Winston Smith, and the third person lens is though his eye. The Party employs him where he has to alter records of history to match their version of it, as his job, at The Ministry of Truth. Since Winston is constantly so depressed with his life, he writes his thoughts in a journal that he keeps hidden because if the â€Å"thought police† know of this crime, he would get sentenced to death for this thoughtcrime for having secret thoughts. Writing in this journal is a rebellious thing to do and Winston loves doing it for the fact that it is against The Party. There he expresses his illegal thoughts like his frustration about the partyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1084 Words   |  5 Pages1984 was written by British author George Orwell. The main character is an average man by the name of Winston Smith. Winston does not agree with the ideals of the party; this gets him arrested by the thought police. 1984 proclaims what could happen if people just let the government do all their thinking for them. 1.In the world of 1984, what is considered orthodox is not the same as the actual world. In the book in order to be considered orthodox one must never question the party or have any individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1493 Words   |  6 Pagessteadily bringing us closer to the world of Big Brother because the government has the ability to collect information from devices that are constantly being in use such as cell phones, televisions, and computers without our consent. In the book entitled 1984, George Orwell reveals how Oceania was a world where no one could be trusted; an action as simple as thinking was considered a violation of the law and you could be arrested for it. Individuals were living in a society where their own thoughts, evenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1288 Words   |  6 PagesControlled freedom Present day society is very much like society in the book 1984. Although, some of the procedures have diminished slightly, they still do exist, and are still current in today’s society. it’s a shame that most people fail to see that our â€Å"free† nation is actually still controlled. we are being manipulated in such a manner that we do not see by propaganda, media, lies, and yes even torture. Many citizens can say that here in America we are free nation or have freedom, but do weRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1088 Words   |  5 Pages1984 The book that I chose for my first book report was 1984 by George Orwell. The story begins by introducing a man named, Winston Smith, a simple man from the country known as Oceania. He lives in a small flat within London, on the Island known as Airstrip One. Winston is a part of the outer party, which is a part of the ruling party within Oceania, and is a low ranking member who works for the Ministry of Truth as a propaganda officer. The people of the ruling party are constantly being watchedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell968 Words   |  4 PagesThe book, 1984 by George Orwell, is about the external and internal conflicts that take place between the two main characters, Winston and Big Brother and how the two government ideas of Democracy and totalitarianism take place within the novel. Orwell wrote the novel around the idea of communism/totalitarianism and how society would be like if it were to take place. In Orwell’s mind democracy and communism cre ated two main characters, Winston and Big Brother. Big Brother represents the idea ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1029 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel 1984, written by George Orwell, depicts a horrendous future in which the citizens of the tyrannous state of Oceania live under unceasing surveillance. The mysterious character of Big Brother serves as the leader of this dystopian society while members of the Party work for total power over the general public. Telescreens are installed in every room for constant investigation, language is continuously modified, and extreme actions are made in order to achieve the end goal of absolute controlRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1253 Words   |  6 Pagesno point of trying to live a regular life. In the book 1984 by George Orwell nearly everyone in the book is brainwashed and given a lot of false information. Winston and other characters only provide a little bit of hope. With a little bit of hope i n the brainwashed world there is still absolutely no chance for any recovery unless the upper management screws up. This hope provides nearly no chance of humanity going back to normal. In the book, 1984, Big Brother is watching over everyone at all timesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell2321 Words   |  10 Pagespossible crime, thoughtcrime. In the novel â€Å"1984†, by George Orwell, Winston Smith rebelles passively against the idea of living in a complete uniform world under Big Brother’s dreadful surveillance. Thought crime’s impact on the novel’s population is devastating, so much so that it is somewhat hard to picture today’s society in its place. The sad reality is that thoughtcrime does impact the lives of the people in today’s society to some extent as it does in the book. The level of punishment for such a crimeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1092 Words   |  5 Pages and opinions of its citizens; therefore removing the difference between state and society. The goal of a totalitarian government is to replace the existing society with a perfect one. In the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dominant figure in the ways which he controls Oceania. Orwell portrays a society with a government that oversees and influences each facet of human life to the point that even having an unfaithful thought that is in disagreement with the law is forbidden. Big BrotherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell930 Words   |  4 Pages The book 1984 was filled with constant rebellion from one individual known as Winston Smith who does not believe in the â€Å"Party† and would much rather join the â€Å"Brotherhood† where he can oppose the Party. While in Divergent, Beatrice Prior is loyal and compliant with her government until she learns that she is a rare type of human known as a divergent and poses a threat to her government. These two stories while incredibly different have many similarities as well. Both stories are about people trying

Music Censorship is a Violation of Free Speech Essay

Music is one of the most popular ways of expression and has been for generations. It makes us want to dance, inspires, soothes, relaxes, and sometimes tells us a story. Music is something the whole world shares and has brought together different kinds of people. However, there has been a question on whether some music has affected society negatively and crossed the line with some of its lyrics, content, and the persona of the artists. Certain music has been boycotted and even banned in the U.S. Pro-censorship supporters say that music is something that can deeply affect our society especially children who should not have to be subjected to things like violence, sex, drugs, or hate. However, being that music is a form of expression,†¦show more content†¦Magazines can do the same things and on the Internet, you are allowed to post almost anything you want. Yet you rarely find any restrictions on these forms of expressions. Books can depict things like drugs, sex, violence, hat e, and have swear words, yet books are not banned in stores or censored. To me, music is the same thing as a book. Artists have the same right as an author to sing what they want and not have to suffer by having their material disallowed. The Rolling Stones released a song, ?Can?t Get No Satisfaction,? which was never played on many stations in the early 1970?s because it depicted sexual actions, yet at the same time there were magazines like Playboy and books that could have been about sex that did not receive the same attention. Music is like any book because it can talk about any subject in any way they want, which follows the right of freedom of speech. I also raise the question concerning the right to organize and have parades. Artists are being banned and led into oblivion because of swear words yet we see Neo Nazi and KKK parades. They go around holding posters with slurs and insults and screaming offensive things. Yet, these things happen often and nothing is done to try to stop them or ban them. The reason is because they have the right to do this which is stated in the Constitution have the right to express what they want without being persecuted or punished. If these events are allowed to happen then whyShow MoreRelatedBehind the Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA): Copyright, Censorhip, and Free Speech1539 Words   |  7 PagesBehind SOPA: Copyright, Censorship and Free speech At the beginning of 2012, a series of coordinated protests occurred online and offline against Stop Online Piracy Act Bill (SOPA) that expands U.S. law enforcement’s ability to combat online copyright infringement. As this protest involved many influential websites like Google and Wikipedia, it certainly draws national attention on SOPA. Whether censorship should be used online against online materials infringing property rights, as included inRead MoreCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy over the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still lingers is should censorship still remain. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any offensiveRead MoreCensorship of Music: Limiting One’s Rights Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesMusic has been under scrutiny on behalf of censorship for decades. Censorship is defined as an authorization to examine material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. Lyrics are essential to nearly everything in music; its poems, ballads, monologues, etc. They may take the form of actual spoken or sung sounds or of written words, as literature does. Without the musical component, you’re left with literature and words; this leavesRead More First Amendment And Music Censorship Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesof Rights exists because the Founders of our country understood the importance of free expression. The First Amendment states Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press . . . (Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution 17). One of the ways the American people use this freedom of speech and expression is through the creation of the art form known as music. Musics verbal expression bonds our society through our emotions and experiencesRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead More Freedom of Expression and Rap Music Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesare protected under the First Amendment. Rap music should not be restricted on the television despite much controversy over the idea. Bok says that some acts cause debates, although people may disagree with it doesnt mean it should be taken away. There should be no restrictions held against playing of rap music. Music that we listen to constructs the sound track of our lives. The number one killer in creative speech is censorship. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversyRead MoreViolence in the Media Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to answer these questions, the first order of business is to define what would be considered objectionable content. Today’s society seems to focus upon the amount of violence found on television and in the lyrics of many different forms of music as the objectionable content of choice. Society chooses to focus upon violence because it is violent acts that seem to place the most influence on our behavior. Violence could be seen as any act that may represent the harm or death of one person, doneRead More Censorship in art Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Censorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorship’s emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead MoreCensorship in Art733 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship in Art Censorship has existed in the United States since colonial times. In the early history of American culture censorships emphasis was on political statements and actions, banning literature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when decidingRead More Censorship: Helpful Or Hindering? Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesWhat exactly is censorship? Some feel censorship is a violation of their rights. Others say censorship is a must in the violent, abusive world we call â€Å"society.† Who has the right to censor? Who doesn’t? What needs to be censored, and what doesn’t? The fact of the matter is that there are many pros and cons in the music and entertainment industry about censorship. Personally, I believe that the consumers and v iewers should be charged with the ultimate responsibility of censorship. One major area

Mary Englund`s Essay Example For Students

Mary Englund`s Essay This paper is an attempt to discuss the biography of Mary Englunds An IndianRemembers based on her childhood experiences in a Christian European convent. Her story starts from the day she is taken away from her family to becivilized in a distant residential school. Englunds experience in the schoolcould be described as European way of civilizing the young native people thatincludes compulsory assimilation, segregation, control and racism. The conceptof civilization is perceived to be for the best interest of the Indiancommunity, or at least this is what it seems to appear like. Thus, this paperwill tackle the issues of methods used to civilize the Natives and its effectson Englunds personality and mentality as well as the real purpose behindcivilization. Is it really for the best interest of the Indian people or is it aform of exploitation of the Natives to benefit the European colonialists?Assimilation is one form used to civilize the native children. This seems to putEnglund to a lot of curiosity eventually to confusions. On her first day inMission, Englund learns about the assimilation policy implemented by the conventwhich draws o ut her curiosity about its purpose. In her experience, she learnsthat boys and girls live in separate buildings and wonders why. She appearscurious and thus questions a lot but she gets no decent answer to satisfy hercuriosity. Englund also observes girls being divided in groups to certain tablesduring meals and girls are assigned to different jobs, some goes to thedormitory while others to kitchen or classrooms. Again, she does not seem tounderstand the purpose of these procedures. This explains her ignorance aboutthe system of a Christian convent. Anyhow, she seems to let go of her curiosityand simply accept it as a form of instruction she ought to follow with noquestion asked. With all these curiosities, she has possibly developed a senseof confusion on why things are done in these manners. Another form used by theschool is by segregation. Through this, Englund seems to suffer from isolation. Englund recalls when a priest takes her from her family (430). While she isexpected to feel sad leaving her mother, she seems to feel nothing butexcitement. She says that We were left alone so many times we never had thetendency to say, ?Well, Im sorry Im going to go away and leave mymother because we were alone most of the time. (431) Due to her mothersrecurrent absence, it seems like Englund does not have the chance to bond withher which explains her coldness towards her mother. Though one would be inducedto concur to this, Englund does not totally blame her mother as she recognizesthe sacrifice she has to make to feed them. When she arrives in the Mission, sheis then separated from her brother. Englund makes a few friends in the conventbut as she learns that she could not trust anyone, she possibly voluntarilydistant herself from others. In one instance, they are told not to discuss theirschool activities with their parents but there is one girl who does it and henceshe gets repri manded for that. Due to this incident Englund becomes cautious notto be seen doing anything inappropriate or else she is bound to be scolded bythe nuns. As she grows older, she learns to bottle up her feelings knowing thattelling a soul could possibly cause her a punishment. Being away from the peopleshe cares about and finding no one to trust among her classmates, Englundsnarration suggests that she suffers from isolation. Though she may think thatshe could trust her mother, she dare not tell her anything fearing that someonewould tell the nuns. It seems like Englund has no choice but to keep herfeelings and opinions to herself causing her loneliness. Moreover, the nuns havefull control over the native children by means of strict surveillance andpunishments. This seems to be the cause of the development of Englundsrebellious nature. No matter where they are, in or out of school, the nuns havetheir eyes on them. In the school, nuns are always at the look out, to ensurethat children are doing their dormitory routines perfectly. Even during theirdomestic activities like cleaning, mending socks and sewing, the nuns instilperfection in their works. Being new and ignorant, Englund often makes mistakes. .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .postImageUrl , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:hover , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:visited , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:active { border:0!important; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:active , .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39 .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29ae7fa059c5bbe3150f4a8fd907dc39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Yellow Wallpaper Essay SummaryShe tends to become rebellious whenever her pride and beliefs are offended. Onceshe rebels when she unknowingly touches one Sister and gets slapped for it. Withall pride she says, Well, she slapped me! Oh I wasnt going to beslapped. (435) There is another time when she throws her temper after shegets hit by a scissor. This clearly shows that unnecessary punishments leadEnglund to her rebellious nature. Everything has to meet perfection or else theyeither have to redo it or get punished. Besides being always at the look out,the nuns also use the bells extensively. Englund recollects as one girl oncetold her that You dont talk before the bel l rings and you dont talkafter the bell rings either.(434) Basically, the sound of the bell instructsthem when they can and cannot talk which seems like the watchful nuns are stillnot enough for the job. Englund also states other reasons that make herrebellious. One is the use of prayers as a form of punishment (Englund 439) andthe other is when she is said to be unqualified to become a nun for havingunmarried parents and no money (441). It seems like this contradicts theteachings of Christianity. In Christian values, money is not an important factorin life but still the convent uses it to discourage Englund from pursuing herdream. Throughout her life in the Mission, the nuns and priests throw innumerous racist comments about Indians and mistreat them in various ways. Because of this, Englund seems to believe that Indians are the inferior race. Inher first trip to the Mission, Englund describes Father Chirouse as awfullynice for talking to her (431). After their conversation, the priest movesfurther to another seat. This appears like the priest is ashamed to be seensitting with the Natives. Also, take the occasion when a nun calls native homesas camps for instance. Englund admits that she is hurt and is still whenever shethinks back (432). This gives an impression that the European nuns see theNatives as a lower class people who are unsuitable to live in a home liketheirs. In another occasion when the native children are practising a speech inEnglish, Sister V comments, Now if you werent an Indian girl youcould do that perfectly well, better; a white girl she would go over that verywell, nicely. (438) It seems like the amount of effort they put in wouldnever matter because they are Indians. In addition, Englund seems bitter whenthey are served wit h grounded food. She mentions that the nuns believe thatIndians eat rotten fish so they give less attention to the food they serve them(438). Moreover, Englund recalls how the nuns constantly remind them of theirIndian roots and that they are uncivilized and savages (438). Despite of howmuch the Indians try to adapt to the European way of living, it appears likethey would never fit in. Furthermore, Englund is deprived of her aspiration tobe a nun because she has no money and her parents are unmarried (441). Thiscould possibly be an excuse to indirectly tell her that she is unworthy to be anun because she is an Indian. With all of these racist comments and harshtreatments, she finds it degrading to her and her fellow Indians (438). At thesame time, these mistreatments seem to serve as an awakening call that helps herrealize what she wants her life to be. This is demonstrated when she makes asensible decision to choose health over money. In here, she seems to finallyrealize that she i s ready to take control of her life. Are all these ways ofcivilizing for the best interest of the Indian people? Englund says that allparents thought that school means goodness for the entire Indian community. Itis a wonder how her mother could believe this without knowing what is going onin the school. Perhaps, the priests convince her mother to believe thatschooling is beneficial not only to Englund but the whole Indian community too. .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .postImageUrl , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:hover , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:visited , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:active { border:0!important; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:active , .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51 .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud23fdc7902d5db39fc5b3fc9699faf51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solutions To Homelessness EssayIf this is indeed the real motive, this contradicts the outcome of Englundslife after school. First she is not allowed to get a higher education, and thenshe is dismissed from school because of her age. Assumingly, this is when theconvents control has to end. Instead the convent recommends Englund to workfor an old lady as a caretaker. Because of this, the real motive of the Europeanis questionable. It is likely to believe that all these promotion of goodnessabout civilization is a mere scheme to exploit the Natives as the Europeansslaves. The means of civilizing the Natives have indeed impacts on Englundspersonality and mentality. Though she suffers from confusion and isolation andbecomes rebellious, Englund gains enlightenment that releases her from controland racism. For one reason, Englund ought to thank the Europeans for civilizingher as they give her the chance to have a life better than the one she couldhave if she stays in her village. However, looking at the other side of it, thepurpose of civilizing the Natives is never been for the best interest of theirwell-being but for the advantage of the Europeans. In conclusion, Englundsexperience in the Mission reflects the exploitation of native children by theEuropean colonialists. BibliographyEnglund, Mary. An Indian Remembers. Academic Reading: Reading andWriting Across the Disciplines. Peterborough: Broadview, 1995. 426-442